IRRIGATION AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING [PDF]
Autor: G. L. Asawa
Professor of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorke
PREFACE
Since the publication of the book “Irrigation Engineering”, the author has been receiving suggestions to include a chapter on ‘Hydrology’ as, at many institutions in the country, Hydrology is being taught as part of the course on either ‘Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering’ or ‘Water Resources Engineering’. While the major contents of this book remain the same as that of the book “Irrigation Engineering”, significant additions and revisions have been made in almost all chapters of the book. Besides an additional chapter on Hydrology, other significant additions are : (i) detailed environmental aspects for water resource projects, (ii) operation, maintenance, and evaluation of canal irrigation systems, (iii) note on interlinking of rivers in India, and (iv) design problems of hydraulic structures such as guide bunds, settling basin etc.
Recent developments in Hydraulic Engineering related to Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering have been incorporated in the text. Accordingly, the book “Irrigation Engineering” has now been retitled as “Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering”.
It is hoped that the book, in its present form, will be more useful to the undergraduate students of Civil Engineering (and also, to some extent, graduate students of Water Resources Engineering as well), and the practicing engineers dealing with water resources.
The author would like to sincerely appreciate the efforts of the learned authors as well as the publishers of the referenced literature. The author has been immensely benefited by his association with his colleagues at IIT Roorkee (formerly University of Roorkee) who have been associated with the teaching and research in the field of Water Resources Engineering. In particular, however, the author would like to express his sincere thanks to Dr. K.G. Ranga Raju (who reviewed the original manuscript of “Irrigation Engineering”) and Dr. B.S. Mathur who reviewed the chapter on “Hydrology”.
The forbearance of my wife Savi and sons Anshul and Manish during the period I was busy writing the manuscript of this book is heartily appreciated. The staffs of the publishers of the book deserve all praise for their nice jobs of printing and publishing the book.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Irrigation
1.2 Impact of Irrigation on Human Environment
1.3 Water Resources of India
1.4 Need of Irrigation in India
1.5 Development of Irrigation in India
1.6 Major and Medium Irrigation Schemes of India
1.7 Minor Irrigation
1.8 Command Area Development
1.9 Planning of Irrigation Projects
1.10 Crops and Crop Seasons
2. HYDROLOGY
2.1 Hydrology
2.2 Hydrologic Cycle
2.3 Precipitation
2.4 Abstraction from Precipitation
2.5 Runoff
2.6 Stream Flow
2.7 Hydrographs
2.8 Floods
3. SOIL-WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION METHODS
3.1 Soils
3.2 Physical Properties of Soil
3.3 Chemical Properties of Soil
3.4 Soil-Water Relationships
3.5 Root-Zone Soil Water
3.6 Infiltration
3.7 Consumptive Use (or Evapotranspiration)
3.8 Irrigation Requirement
3.9 Frequency of Irrigation
3.10 Methods of Irrigation
3.11 Quality of Irrigation Water
4. GROUND WATER AND WELLS
4.1 Ground Water Resources
4.2 Well Irrigation
4.3 Occurrence of Ground Water
4.4 Flow of Water through Porous Media
4.5 Well Hydraulics
4.6 Ground Water Exploration
4.7 Pumping Tests (or Aquifer Tests)
4.8 Design of Water Wells
4.9 Methods of Well Construction
4.10 Well Completion
4.11 Development of Wells
4.12 Pumping Equipment for Water Wells
5. CANAL IRRIGATION
5.1 Canals
5.2 Command Areas
5.3 Planning of an Irrigation Canal System
5.4 Alignment of Irrigation Canals
5.5 Curves in Canals
5.6 Duty of Water
5.7 Canal Losses
5.8 Estimation of Design Discharge of a Canal
5.9 Canal Outlets
5.10 Canal Regulation
5.11 Delivery of Water to Farms
5.12 Flow Measurement
5.13 Assessment of Charges of Irrigation Water
5.14 Waterlogging
5.15 Drainage of Irrigated Lands
6. MANAGEMENT OF CANAL IRRIGATION IN INDIA
6.1 Need for Canal Irrigation Management
6.2 Inadequacies of Canal Irrigation Management
6.3 Objectives and Criteria for Good Canal Irrigation Management
6.4 Methods for Improving Canal Irrigation Management
6.5 Operation and Maintenance of Canal Irrigation Systems
6.6 Evaluation of Performance of Canal Irrigation Systems
7. HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS
7.1 General
7.2 Incipient Motion of Sediment
7.3 Regimes of Flow
7.4 Resistance to Flow in Alluvial Channels
7.5 Transport of Sediment
8. DESIGN OF STABLE CHANNELS
8.1 General
8.2 Rigid Boundary Channels carrying Clear Water
8.3 Rigid Boundary Channels carrying Sediment-laden Water
8.4 Alluvial Channels Carrying Clear Water
8.5 Alluvial Channels Carrying Sediment-laden Water
8.6 Procedure for Design of Irrigation Channels
8.7 Borrow Pits, Spoil Banks, and Land Width for Irrigation Channel
8.8 Sediment Distribution in an Alluvial Channel
8.9 Silting and Berming of Channels
9. SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN OF CANAL STRUCTURES
9.1 General
9.2 Hydraulic Jump
9.3 Seepage Forces
9.4 Uplift Force on the Floor of Canal Structure
10. CANAL REGULATION STRUCTURES
10.1 General
10.2 Canal Fall
10.3 Historical Development of Falls
10.4 Types of Canal Falls
10.5 Cistern Element
10.6 Roughening Measures for Energy Dissipation
10.7 Trapezoidal Notch Fall
10.8 Sarda Fall
10.9 Glacis Fall
10.10 Distributary Head Regulator
10.11 Cross Regulator
10.12 Design Criteria for Distributary Head Regulator and Cross Regulator
10.13 Control of Sediment Entry into an Offtaking Channel
10.14 Canal Escapes
11. CROSS-DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
11.1 Need of Cross-Drainage Structures
11.2 Types of Cross-Drainage Structures
11.3 Selection of Suitable Types of Cross-Drainage Structure
11.4 Design of Cross-Drainage Structures
11.5 Waterway and Headway of the Stream
11.6 Head Loss through Cross-Drainage Structures
11.7 Design of Transitions for Canal Waterway
11.8 Uplift Pressure on Trough
11.9 Uplift Pressure on Culvert Floor
11.10 Miscellaneous Details
12. RIVERS AND RIVER TRAINING METHODS
12.1 General
12.2 Classification of Rivers
12.3 Behaviour of Rivers
12.4 River Training
12.5 River Training Methods
13. CANAL HEADWORKS
13.1 General
13.2 Location of Headworks on Rivers
13.3 Different Units of Headworks
13.4 Weir (or Barrage)
13.5 Undersluices
13.6 Afflux, Waterway, and Different Levels for Weir Construction
13.7 Design of Weir
13.8 Divide Wall
13.9 Fish Ladder
13.10 Canal Head Regulator
13.11 Sediment Control in Canals
13.12 River Training for Canal Headworks
14. PLANNING OF WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS
14.1 General
14.2 Physical Factors
14.3 Economic Considerations
14.4 Environmental Effects
14.5 Selection of a Project Plan
14.6 Investigations
14.7 Choice of Dams
14.8 Planning of Reservoirs
15. EMBANKMENT DAMS
15.1 General
15.2 Design Considerations
15.3 Estimation and Control of Seepage
15.4 Stability Analysis of Embankment Dams
15.5 Slope Protection
15.6 Instrumentation
15.7 Embankment Construction
16. GRAVITY DAMS
16.1 General
16.2 Forces on a Gravity Dam
16.3 Causes of Failure of a Gravity Dam
16.4 Stress Analysis in Gravity Dams
16.5 Elementary Profile of a Gravity Dam
16.6 Design of Gravity Dams
16.7 Foundation Treatment
16.8 Mass Concrete for Dams
16.9 Structural Joints
16.10 Keys and Water Seals
16.11 Galleries
16.12 Instrumentation
16.13 Outlets
17. SPILLWAYS
17.1 General
17.2 Flood Routing
17.3 Components of Spillway
17.4 Types of Spillways
17.5 Terminal Structures for Spillways
17.6 Types of Gates for Spillway Crests
17.7 Cavitation Erosion of Spillway Surface
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